Why Do Athletes Like Cyclists And Swimmers Shave Their Legs?

Athletes shave their legs mainly to cut aerodynamic drag. Wind-tunnel tests show shaved legs save a cyclist roughly 50 to 82 seconds over 40 km (25 mi). Cyclists, swimmers, runners and triathletes also shave to clean and heal road rash faster, make massages and taping less painful, and (for swimmers) feel sleeker in the water.

Cristiano Ronaldo, Michael Phelps, Lance Armstrong… what do these people have in common? Apart from being some of the best in their respective sports, they’re also some of the premier athletes on the planet. Ronaldo, when he’s not busy making a fool out of defenders is often in the news for his incredible physique. The same goes for guys like Michael Phelps and Lance Armstrong; they have some of the best physiques in the sport, enabling them to succeed in such dominating ways.

Each and every part of their body is continually analyzed by sports gurus to determine what makes them the best in their sport. One common body feature that always seems to fly under the radar, however, is their cleanly shaven legs. Shaving  one’s legs isn’t just a common practice in athletic sports; bodybuilders have also been shaving their legs for years. Does having bald legs provide any strategic advantage or does it simply help with aesthetics?

The Primary Reason Why Athletes Shave Their Legs

Males in sports have been shaving their legs for far longer than females. In females, where shaving legs is mostly associated with beauty, males shave their legs to gain a strategic advantage over competitors. The most important advantage that comes from shaven legs is drag reduction.

Drag is a type of mechanical force that resists the motion of a body moving through a fluid. Drag force acts in a direction that is opposite to the direction of movement. This counters the forward motion and forces the body to spend more energy to continue moving forward.

For example, imagine Superman flying. The air (fluid) opposes his forward motion and decreases his overall flying speed. This is known as drag reduction. But obviously, no athletes fly, so that example may not be appropriate. How about this… imagine The Flash speeding around Central City.

The air surrounding him opposes his motion and slows him down. Superman & the Flash are both metahumans, so speed reduction due to drag isn’t notable for them, but that’s not the case with everyday athletes. They are very much human and every small factor that reduces speed matters in our current competitive world.

For athletes in sports like football and running, drag is generated by the surrounding air (aerodynamic drag), whereas in sports like swimming, drag reduction arises due to the encompassing water (hydrodynamic drag). Water is denser and more viscous than air. Thus, drag due to water is more profound than drag due to air. Shaven limbs help athletes establish a more aerodynamic physique and therefore dampen the effect of drag.

Experimental Evidence

In 1987, Chester Kyle was the first to conduct a study to verify if shaven legs indeed provided any aerodynamic advantage. The study was conducted inside a miniature wind tunnel on a prosthetic leg with hair glued to it. The study was published in Bicycling Magazine.

The results of the study claimed that shaven legs cut drag by about 0.6%, enough to help cyclists save roughly 5 seconds over an hour of riding at 37 km/h (23 mph). Only 5 seconds may seem disappointing, but in competitive sports, any and all marginal gain is worth exploiting. The catch was that the test used a fake lower leg in a miniature tunnel, hardly the final word.

However, the findings of a more recent study are even more encouraging. A wind tunnel meant specifically for bicycles and cyclists was built by the Specialized Cycling company. In 2014, Mark Cote and Chris Yu, engineers at Specialized, ran a test on an actual cyclist with shaved legs, rather than on prosthetic legs.

The test results indicated an approximate 7% reduction in drag as a result of having shaven legs, a saving of around 15 watts at the same speed. To put this into perspective, a rider with bald shins would save roughly 79 seconds over a 40 km (25 mi) time trial. The team was so surprised that they repeated the test on 5 more cyclists, and the results held up: every one of them saved between 50 and 82 seconds over 40 km. As Chris Yu put it, that difference is about the same as upgrading from a traditional round-tube frame to a full aero road bike.

A 50 to 80-second margin may still seem nearly insignificant to someone who doesn’t participate in athletic sports, but if history is to be believed, even 50 seconds make a lot of difference. In the 1987 Tour De France, Pedro Delgado lost to Stephen Roche by only 40 seconds! Only two years later, in 1989, Greg LeMond defeated Laurent Fignon by only 8 seconds. Thus, for athletes, a difference of 50 seconds is definitely worth exploiting.

Other Advantages Of Having Clean-shaven Legs

Drag reduction or a small speed boost isn’t the only reason why athletes prefer to shave their legs. Having bald shins has various other advantages, such as the ease of healing a wound. Road rash and superficial wounds are common in sports. These wounds may look small, but they do hurt like the dickens. These wounds often get clogged by the surrounding hair, making them harder to clean and thus delaying recovery. No hair makes it easier to clean wounds and aids in the speed of the wound healing.

Swimmers shave their whole bodies, as it makes them feel much sleeker in the water, and there is hard data behind that feeling. In a classic 1989 study, Rick Sharp had competitive swimmers shave down and found their drag actually dropped: shaving cut blood lactate buildup by over 20% at race pace and let swimmers glide farther per stroke, partly by stripping away the layer of dead skin along with the hair. Clean-shaven legs also make getting rid of bandages, dressings and strapping tape a lot less painful. Athletes may also shave their legs to facilitate deep tissue massages, which are a regular part of their recovery programs, whereas bodybuilders shave off their hair to enhance muscle definition.

Why Do Soccer Players Shave Their Legs?

Soccer players (or footballers, if you prefer) are one of the most common groups people ask about, and their answer looks quite different from a cyclist’s. A footballer never moves fast enough through the air for a bald shin to shave off any meaningful drag, so the aerodynamic argument barely applies to them. Their reasons are almost entirely about recovery, medical care and comfort.

Start with tape. Players constantly strap ankles, shins and knees, and both athletic tape and kinesiology tape grip clean skin far better than hairy skin. KT Tape’s own application guide simply tells users to “trim excessive hair for better adhesion,” and anyone who has peeled a strip off a hairy leg after 90 minutes of running knows exactly why a player would rather not do that twice a week.

Then there is the slide tackle. Sliding across grass or artificial turf scrapes the skin raw, and these turf burns are far easier to clean, dress and heal when there is no hair trapping dirt or snagging the bandage. Smooth legs also make it quicker for the medical staff to spot a knock, and they make the deep tissue massages that fill a footballer’s week far more comfortable, since the strokes glide instead of tugging at hair. Add in the simple wish to show off a pair of hard-earned quads, and the razor starts to make sense.

Do Bodybuilders Shave Their Legs?

Bodybuilders shave too, but for a reason that has nothing to do with speed and everything to do with the stage. On show day, a competitor’s entire physique is judged on how clearly the muscle can be seen, and body hair quietly works against that.

Hair scatters and diffuses light. Under the harsh lights of a bodybuilding stage, a fuzzy surface softens the shadows and highlights that carve out each muscle, blurring the fine separations, striations and vascularity that judges are looking for. Shaved skin reflects light evenly, so the full depth and contour of every muscle group reads sharply from the judging table. Hair also stops a spray tan from coating the skin smoothly and leaves streaks, which is why competitors pair the razor with an even coat of tan.

Many federations effectively require it. The Organization of Competitive Bodybuilders’ men’s physique guidelines, for example, state that “for judges to best view the physique, competitors should remove all visible body hair (facial hair acceptable), and have an evenly applied spray tan.” Worth stressing, though: shaving does nothing for the muscle itself. It will not make a calf bigger or help it grow faster; it only changes how defined that calf looks once the lights come on.

Conclusion

Nowadays, shaving one’s legs is not only a common practice among athletes, but among the general public. Shaving one’s legs is now mostly associated with aesthetics and looks. Gym lovers do it show off their gains, others do it to show off their calf tattoos, and some choose to shave because it simply feels good!

Even among athletes, shaven legs have been proven to have a greater impact on the psyche than their ability to directly impact performance. Davis Phinney, an American cyclist with over 300 victories said:

” I know that if I ever looked down while I was on the bike and saw hairy legs, I immediately felt slower.”